The Best Jobs for Former Teachers

The Life Of Mildred Delores Jeter And Musiel Byrd Jeter

Mildred Delores Jeter was born in Central Point, Virginia on June 22, 1939. Mildred’s parents were Theoliver Jeter and Musiel Byrd Jeter. Mildred Loving was of African American, European and Native American origin, specifically from the Cherokee and Rappahannock tribes. Mildred s family had lived in the area around Central Point, Virginia for a long time, where blacks and whites mixed freely with little racial conflict even at the peak of the Jim Crow era. Mildred was a shy woman who became a reluctant activist in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s when she and her husband, Richard Loving, successfully challenged Virginia s ban on interracial marriage. Mildred didn’t want to become an activist in the Civil Rights Movement, because†¦show more content†¦The sheriff cruelly stated that the marriage certificate held no power in their district. Virginia’s law in fact prevented black and white citizens from getting married out of the state and then returning to live within the state. Richard ended up spending only night in jail, while Mildred spent several more nights there while pregnant. The couple eventually pleaded guilty to breaking the Virginia law. The couple s one-year sentences and charges would both be dropped, but only under one condition. Under the condition the couple was commanded to leave the state and not return together for 25 years. The Loving’s followed the orders. The couple paid their c ourt fees and relocated to Washington, D.C. where they got married. When the couple relocated to Washington, D.C. they had three children named Donald, Sidney, and Peggy. Mildred and Richard occasionally made separate return visits to Virginia to see friends and family. Yet the two also secretly made trips to their home state together and eventually secretly lived in Virginia again with their kids despite the risk of detainment. By the year of 1963, the Loving’s decided that they have had enough, with Mildred bitterly unhappy over living in a city and completely fed up when her son was hit by a car. The Civil Rights movement was developing into real

Miss Representation Free Essays

Hattie Godine English 1302 Essay 3 Today’s statistics shows women and young girls in the media areas of television, has more attention placed upon them, and it’s not always in a positive way. In the documentary film Miss Representation the portrayal changes the way the public and some men would view women. These magnitude effects of the role of women have had for many years. We will write a custom essay sample on Miss Representation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some organizations and commercial ads display women and girls with the idea that their beauty lies in beauty products and tanning machines along with cosmetic products. Researchers have proven concerns that many support the idea of the detrimental harm that this attention brings to our society. Are women of today’s generation being exploited as nothing more than sex objects? Records show that the United States is still very below in average for women holding how power governmental positions. Miss Representation movie is no longer just a movie film, but has become a complete campaign to instill the empowerment for women and young girls. The campaign will add challenges to people who have made attempts on transforming our culture for the advancement of all kind. All through the campaign, you will become educated in one form are another. From Hillary Clinton and Sarah Palin running for the first Women president of the United States it shows that our society still has a long way to go. We have not yet made it to the point of women having equal rights as men do. There is more to the story than Miss. Representation presents, because there are 65% of women that suffer from many self-afflicting diseases, Things such as simply not being the right shape, color of skin and height creates a hold different prospective on the matter. Example like eating disorder behavior has double against young women in the past century. (Health Day News reports) Almost two-thirds (65lpercent) of young American women report disordered eating behaviors, and 10 percent report symptoms of eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder. ) Copyright 2013 ABC News Internet Ventures Yahoo – ABC News Network. Television too has taken on a new twist to young girls as they view ifferent shows like American Next Top Model and some Reality shows they feel this is the direction that our lives should be based upon and this is the way a girl are women should like thru a television lens. Viewing too much television puts our young children at sufficient harm’s way. Stat’s show viewing TV 10 hours each day is much too dangerous mentally. It also becomes very addictive for our young people. When Sue Katz states that I just question how crucial the dream of â€Å"power and influence† is to most women today. ` As she stated it’s the movie is getting its air time but what really is the message that is being sent out to the public. As Ms. Newsome interviewed several governments official that are females have open views about women in politics and what their limitation have been so far in the chain of command. Women should be of equal concerns with issues, such as pay equality as well. We can work the same average hours as a man can expect the same pay along with some times long hours to get the job done. It’s a choice that some females make for themselves. Education does play a sufficient role in what type of career are profession you want to take and pay received with that career. Often time’s women are looked over because of sexuality. The pay wage gap is very real the economy has been a slow process in recovery and women that are not fortunate enough to be homemakers and take care of school age children are subjected to taking only minimum wage jobs and earning a lot less money than men. Abortion laws is another tip of ice bird that can been a challenging topic of pro anti-abortion rights for women. Some people who willingly support the federal ban on laws about abortion issues believes that the government has taken on the responsibility of perhaps protecting the unborn fetus, and that is not the Right of the government officials. Women should be able to make the decision of if they choice to abort an unborn child. Unless there is a life threating situation that endangers the child or the mother the decision should be left in the hands of the parents. Adapting the laws in the United States Constitution clearly leaning toward the support Overturned the Constitution Roe V. Wade. Chief Justice John Roberts Justice Samuel Alito made it clear that the pro-Rue is under scrutiny interpretation of the standard of Casey, the was believed to be about anti-abortion movement continues to lose its balance ground level in the areas of politics and court. Women Rights from the abolition movement of the 1800s is of many women of all walks of life beginning with SNCC and SCLS but the more traditional groups are NAACP women were treated like second class citizens. Some of these women believed the women liberations groups were radical. There were three key events that took place to form new movements for women equal rights in the 60’s. The American Women, released in 1963 recognized widespread Discrimination against women in all walks of life. The Civil Rights movement and publication of Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique, which many women would questions their own lives and status in society and concluding there was something wrong. In 1964 the Civil Rights Act prohibited discrimination based not only on race but also on sex. Some of the Senators in Congress still jokingly view its addition as a means to dishonor the total act and guarantee its defeats against discrimination. In the year of 1966 Equal Opportunity Commission did not enforce laws as it applied to sex discrimination, and female activist was immediately formed the National Organization for Women. NOW was molded very closely after the NAACP. They worked very hard within the systems to stop discrimination. Women can be portrayed better in the lime light of the media by giving us the same privileges that are given to males. That includes the powerful position in politics and leadership in government. Some of the media coverage that views on television shows, video dancing, and film producing sexist toward women and their bodies makes it difficult for respect to be valuable. Only seeing the sexy side of a woman not the knowledge she may hold within her personality. Diverse advisement coverage of women is known worldwide with a lot of information. Society along is mostly shaped with influence buy what we look like as women not what we think. And that can be taken as direct criticisms. Our values are and should be measured in ways better used to see, think and feel. Women are constantly portrayed in sexually ways and we continue to be seen as sex object, and this is a violation of our human rights. Research shows targeting areas of imagines in a more positive effect on our selves. Effecting Self-esteem issues for women sometimes of not feeling as beautiful and not to compare themselves with other females who look ideally thin and more beautiful. Cited sources as follows: (Cilvilbiliberty about. com/od/abortion/a/abortion2012. htm) (http://www. typepad. com/services/trackback/6a00d8341c7a9753ef0168ea9b7cdb970c) (Sabato) (Sabato)sexucalityhttp://www. policymic. com/articles/4439/are-women-in-the-media-only- How to cite Miss Representation, Papers

Research on compassion free essay sample

Factor analyses consistently reveal that emotion ratings in these situations load on distinct compassion and distress factors. In a review of six studies, Batson and colleagues (1987) found that self-reports of feeling compassionate, sympathetic, moved, tender, warm, and soft hearted consistently load on a common factor. In contrast, self-reports of alarmed, upset, disturbed, distressed, worried, and perturbed loaded on a separate factor. The distinction between these factors occurred even though correlations between responses to distress and compassion items were positive (rs ranged from .44 to .75, as reported in Batson et al., 1987).RESEARCH ON EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCEResearch on Emotional Intelligence has grown fourfold since the last two decades. A lot of research is being done to study how expedient it can be in our daily life, schools as well as at the workplace. EI predicts the extent to which managers engage in behaviours that are supportive of the goals of the organization, according to the ratings of their supervisors (Coˆte ? ; Miners, 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on Research on compassion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In one study done by Kerr, Garvin, ; Heaton (2006) manufacturing supervisors managerial performance was evaluated by their employees. Total EI correlated .39 with these managerial performance ratings, with the strongest relations for the ability to perceive emotions and to use emotions.Research on EI indicates that people with high EI tend to be more socially competent, to have better quality relationships, and to be viewed as more interpersonally sensitive than those lower in EI (Brackett et al., 2006; Brackett, Warner, ; Bosco, 2005; Lopes et al. , 2004; Lopes, Salovey, Coˆte ?, ; Beers, 2005; Lopes, Salovey, ; Straus, 2003). In a study conducted by Day and Carroll (2004), experience was positively correlated with three of the four emotional intelligence scales, as measured by the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test. Van Rooy, Alonso and Viswesvaran (2005) examined the relationship between emotional intelligence and age using the 33-item Emotional Intelligence Scale and found a significant positive correlation between emotional intelligence and age. In a study conducted by Parker et al. (2004), various dimensions of emotional intelligence were found to be predictors of academic success. In a study conducted by Rode, Mooney, Arthaud-Day, Near, Baldwin, Rubin ; Bommer, (2007), it was predicted that emotional intelligence was related to academic performance for two reasons.INTERRELATIONSHIPS AMONG DIFFERENT VARIABLES OF RESEARCHCULTURE AND JOB SATISFACTIONCulture significantly impacts on job and pay satisfaction (Diener, 2003). Liu et al. (2004) stated that job satisfaction is the same in countries where people speak the same language and this equivalent decreased with increasing cultural distance. In the context of globalization and the interdependence of countries all over the world, understanding about national culture seems to be more and more important. Especially in the corporate field, national culture (NC) affects certain aspects, much of management and organizational behaviour. Robbins (2003) says that impressive evidence exists concerning the significance of job satisfaction. A satisfied workforce leads to higher productivity because of fewer disruptions, such as absenteeism, turnover, and negative behaviours. Moreover, employees are more loyal and productive when they are satisfied. In a research done by Derek and Merris (2002) they found that employee satisfaction influenced employee productivity, absenteeism and retention.Kirkman and Shapiro (2001) studied the impact of cultural values on job satisfaction among 461 self-managing teams in four countries (Belgium, Finland, Philippines and the United States). They found that higher levels of collectivism are associated with higher levels of job satisfaction and commitment within teams. Loh, Restubog, and Gallois (2010) found that eastern cultures (higher in collectivism) have a higher level of work-group identification than western cultures (higher in individualism).

Napoleon And The Enlightenment Essays - Age Of Enlightenment

Napoleon And The Enlightenment The enlightenment was a time of great learning throughout Europe during the eighteenth century. Although the period is significant for scientific and other scholastic advancements, it is most important because it allowed for the opening of great mindssuch as that of Napoleon Bonaparte. Shortly after this enlightenment made its way through Europe, revolution and civil war ripped through France between 1879 and 1899. The unrest of the time called for a strong ruler. A man/woman with an open mind and an enlightened soul. France needed a child of the enlightenment to sew its tattered flag. Napoleon Bonaparte was a child of the enlightenment. This was displayed in both his attitudes and policies as a result of enlightened religious ideas, political genius, and social reforms. Almost every ruler in history can be accused of having some kind of religious fanaticism. This religious fervor has led to persecution, civil war, unrest, instability, ignorance, and even genocide. The enlightenment taught philosophes and scholars religious tolerance by lessening the importance of religion and God in everyday life. As a child of the enlightenment, Napoleon had a similar immunization to the devout and was able to use religion as a tool to accomplish his political ideas and goals. An example of this is the fact that whatever new land he conquered, he adopted the religion of that land in order to gain the acceptance of the general population. In France, he was Catholic. In Egypt, he was Muslim. But the only insight we have to his actual religious beliefs are that he said he followed his own star indicating that he pursued a somewhat mystical belief in destiny and fate. He completely regarded the church as a convenience to be taken advantage of by any enlightened despot. When he first came to power, the greatest force that could propel counterrevolution was the Catholic church, so ignoring the infuriated (and politically weak) Jacobeans, he signed a concordat with the Vatican. He said, Fifty . . . bishops paid by England lead the French clergy today. Their influence must be destroyed. For this we need the authority of the Pope. Through the concordat, the Catholic church was able to gain back authority that it had lost during the revolution, however, it was never allowed to recover its former autonomy or power. Napoleon kept the French church in his pocket. He paid the clergy directly, and he made them financially dependent on his treasury. As a child of the enlightenment, Napoleon used cold authority and calculation to wield one of the most powerful weapons in the worldreligionand he did it successfully. It is hard to reconcile whether it was Napoleons political genius that made him enlightened or whether it was his enlightenment that made him a political genius. Regardless, he will always be recognized as a charismatic and remarkable enlightened despot. Everyone who encountered Napoleon Bonaparte were immediately impressed by his amazing wit and blunt intelligence. As a military figure he is unmatched and as a leader, he has been mimicked throughout history by other rulers hoping to eclipse his success. The element of Napoleons character that made him enigmatic to France at this time, however, was not eloquence or dazzle but crisp speech filled with reason and calm assurance. He was, in a nutshell, exactly what France wanted after fifteen years of political upheaval. After coming to power, Napoleon immediately set up a pretend constitution and parliament, but he ruled with an iron fist. As far as voting was concerned, the population could accept his policies or not vote at all. (wom en, of course, could not vote no matter what) Though by todays standards Napoleon may seem ignorant and unenlightened, during the 18th century an enlightened despot was an absolute ruler who was able to introduce rational reform and thought without considering the needs of the minority. As an example of this kind of enlightenment, Napoleon began to tax the upper classes. By taxing the nobility, Napoleon was taxing the richest two percent of the population that the former monarchy would not tax because they could yell the loudest. The former monarch was dead. The former monarch had been killed by that nasty ninety-eight percent in a

Analysing The Marketing Strategy Of Singapore Zoo Tourism Essay Essays

Analysing The Marketing Strategy Of Singapore Zoo Tourism Essay Essays Analysing The Marketing Strategy Of Singapore Zoo Tourism Essay Essay Analysing The Marketing Strategy Of Singapore Zoo Tourism Essay Essay The new event of procedure scheduled in the recent epoch is the launch of e-Business. This procedure is fundamentally an extra method for the growing of productiveness and an addition in the zone of net income for the concern that is involved. The cardinal construction of the e-Business is the active public-service corporation of the computing machines and on-line minutess. This besides involves assorted schemes to finish the procedure and manage the construction with nucleus techniques for the best consequence. The acquired procedure of selling and direction in the recent old ages have grown and taken its topographic point with latest techniques and new acronyms in the planetary touch. E-Business is the new integrating of the activities of the administration or the company and their merchandises along with their services and processs in the cyberspace. A old traditional concern linked with the new growing of enables e-Business scheme incorporating the activities of the administration or the company having gross revenues, accounting, selling and many more operations that are concerned with the organisation and their procedure involved takes us to the pride of accomplishing the hereafter growing and their enlargement. Outline Section: This assignment includes the necessary of placing the rules of selling and a complete analysis of the construction of e-business in to the chosen illustration. The clip to clip market explains the merchandise launch and their association with the market for the release. It redirects the right clip for the consideration of launch of the undertaking or pattern in conformity with the execution alterations that has to take topographic point within the administration as a affair of fact. Stigmatization: The procedure of branding shall be concerned as the portion of beginnings provided in the cyberspace and other resources about the trade name and by the undertakings of concern of engagement. The web page usually supplies the relevant range of information about the trade name and the administration with its benefits and service provided on the existent. A website establishes the fact of the company or the organisation and creates consciousness about the offers and handiness of the strategies provided by the company. It besides brings the latest key on notice to the immediate range of the clients and creates a satisfaction among the clients. The procedure of branding non merely has an impact on the clients but besides enriches the beginning of clients with a physique of trust and raises itself with a value of accreditation in the market of competition. The trade name becomes a portion of the quality and promise of the clients and the spouses along with the employees as a portion of fl exibleness, trust and growing. Singapore Zoo: The Singapore Zoo, Located at 80 Mandai Lake Road, is besides known as Mandai Zoo or Singapore Zoological Garden. Popular for its Night Safari attractive force, the Zoo has a reaped a long list of awards, both local and international. This has to be the one of the truly beautiful menagerie, of which there are all excessively few. It is superb laid out, so that the ceclosure fencings are about wholly concealed. The sweeps of the H2O of the seletar reservoir are a brilliant extra characteristic of the scene. The animate beings are attractively maintained in good wellness, in malice of the climatic conditions. All in all, the Zoo shall have a warn felicitation for the caputs that are responsible for them, and declaring it for us was a great experience to see it. The treasure of an thought to hold a menagerie was conceived by Dr. Ong Swee Law. Opened on 27 June 1973, the Singapore Zoological gardens caters to recreational, educational and societal demands of Singaporeans and tourer to the democracy. The Open Zoo which reflects the absence of physical barriers in enclosure design. Alternatively cascading Waterss, exuberant flora and fosses smartly mask the concealed barriers to heighten the semblance of freedom and natural jungle-like ambiance for the animate beings. The Zoo began with the low aggregation of 270 animate beings of about 72 species. To day of the month, a sum of over 2000 animate beings of 240 species are displayed in some 70 exhibits. One of the more appealing attractive forces at the menagerie is the carnal show. The animate being shows Archpriest Reptile show s and Elephant and Sea-lion shows. Due to popularity and rush in crowds, an Amphitheatre was built in 1985 to centralise these shows and to sit visitants comfortably. The amphitheater which has a long pool with glass panels for aquatic Acts of the Apostless can sit 1,500 and can suit up to 2,000 witnesss. The Animal Shows are specially designed to integrate the natural behavior of the animate beings to educate visitants in an entertaining presentation. The preservation messages are disseminated to the audience during the shows to rise their consciousness of the environment. In 1987, the Zoo introduced the Particular loan exhibit, where rare animate beings on loan from other Zoos are displayed for a short period. The animate beings which have been displayed at the particular Loan Exhibit include the aureate monkeys, white Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams and elephantine coon bear. This fresh thought gives visitant s an chance to see rare animate beings which can non be exhibited for good at the menagerie. The enclosure was renamed Singaporean Press Holdings ( SPH ) enclosure following its acceptance by the SPH group in 1990. Another major discovery for the Zoo was the debut of submerged sing exhibits. The first was in 1988 the submerged sing polar bear exhibit enable visitants to r ub olfactory organs with the Zoo s polar bear. Since 1987, the Zoo passed the million Markss in visitant attending. The twine of awards bagged by the Singapore Zoo attests to splendid dwellers and services: 2002 Asean Tourism Association ( ASEANTA ) Awards for Excellence, Best New attractive force in ASEAN ( Singapore Zoo for Hamadrya s Baboons The great rift vale of Ethiopia ) . 2001: STB ( Singapore Tourism Board ) Tourism Awards: Leisure Attraction of the Year 2001 ( Singapore Zoo ) . 2001 The Singapore Totalisator Board Excellence Singapore Award: Internationally acclaimed unfastened menagerie design and first-class unmoved preservation accomplishment. 2000: Where Singapore magazine s Concierge Choice Awards: Best Topographic point to Take the Kids. 1999: IMA ( Incentive A ; Meeting Asia ) Awards: Best Subject Attraction. Important Campaigns in the procedure of integrating of the administration in e-Business are as follows ; A new architecture of scheme and launch of concern mechanization by the procedure of e-Business. An enhanced position and recommendation of the developed solution in the web and front-end bequest applications. A new format of the developed portals of the organisation or the company with the update of the latest information. New value concatenation integrated through the web based application for the company or the organisation. SWOT analysis: The SWOT analysis is an apprehension of the entire consequence of the current place of the concern. It defines the Strength, failing, chances and the menaces of the organisation fiting the external chances with the internal strengths. The company or the organisation affecting for the SWOT analysis has to order the schemes and strengths to keep in control the failings and extinguish the menaces in any from the external beginnings. Strengths: They are unfastened 365 yearss all around the twelvemonth and it is considered as a most amused tourer attractive force. They open at 8:30 am in the forenoon and stopping point at 6:00 autopsy in the eventide making an enthusiastic environment for all ages from 6 to 90 daily all around the twelvemonth. The last ticket sale everyday is available at 5:30 autopsy enabling the visitants to come in at the event of shutting for short clip enjoyments excessively. The cost of the entry is besides sensible for the attractive forces available in the subject wood, the Singapore Zoo. Rental of the saunterer is available enabling a hassle free travel until the Zoo and the charges are besides sensible as $ 9 merely. Complimentary admittance for DDR ( Disability Development Registry ) card holders and entitlement of beneficiary programmes chosen by the Voluntary Welfare associations. Protection and preservation comes with instruction. The visit enhances us to understand the necessary of preservation and protection raising consciousness. Organizing events such as nuptials and parties for ain ground with sensible cost vouching the success of the juncture conducted. Sponsorship and acceptance besides remains as a portion of the squad along with little contribution originating the success of protection and preservation of wildlife. The location suits the entry itself with a dark campaign and orchid gardens howling itself with pride for sing. Shows are alone and sing Australian outback, cat state, critters Longhouse, Fragile forest, Elephants of Asia, Hamadryas Baboons, Orang Utan, Polar Bear, Proboscis Monkeys, Primate Kingdom, Rainforest Kidzworld, Reptile Kingdom, Wild Africa, White tiger are the chief attractive forces. Failing: Weather: The conditions circumstance may be the stop point, as anticipation is neer accurately right hence the market anticipation refers consequently. Cost: This cost may sound sensible when sing the factors of the entire value and convenience referred in the topographic point. Topographic point: The location depends convenient on consideration upon the general factors but the alone ideas upon the each visitant vary. Shows: Visitors though they are happy with the shows and penchants that are given or organised by the administration but they prefer to hold more shows. Opportunities: The Singapore Zoo is said to be an organized subject with shows, events and attractive forces. They tend to hold increased in their growing along with the old ages. Now they have become a portion of the wildlife protection and preservation making consciousness in the societal media. There are rather a batch of chances and competition that exist in the field in and around the universe. Menaces: There are no immense menaces when concerned with the whole of the administration whereas some exist such as the competition between the other subjects around the country. There exist another dark campaign and orchid gardens for sing. The location Singapore itself refers itself for a composure and howling entertaining country. The visitant can go a patron or a member, he can affect himself as a portion of the squad enriching the lives of animate beings the admiration and an flight for the world in esteem. They are the beginnings of a life amusement and they have to be preserved. Marketing mix: The most of import elements of selling are defined as the 4 P s. They are Product, publicity, monetary value and topographic point. An organisation may alter the elements of marketing harmonizing to their demands and inclinations. The mark for their ain caste in the market is set with official appellation with the change of the rules of marketing mix if required and are taken in to consideration for the fact of gaining their benefits in the resource implemented. The chief constituent to be considered is the addressing of the competitory market and the execution and the procedure of support by the operations merged to turn out the range of the mark through the selling mix rules. Taking the selling mix in this case for this administration comprises of the merchandises, topographic point, publicity and distribution. The merchandises offered are the existent offering that is present in the location and the monetary value is the value that remains exchanged for the offering nowadays in the topographic point. The publicity includes the targeting of the audience with the mix of publicities for the attractive force of visitants. Distribution covers the topographic point where the merchandise is being offered and located for the targeting of the audience. Topographic point: The location is been chosen as the best suitable topographic point for the building of the Zoo and it s the perfect topographic point for the procedure chosen by the organisation. The organisation built has assorted thoughts such as scheduling events and marrying thoughts indoor or out-of-door events. They besides categorize themselves in organizing the events and catering and all beginnings for the engaged events. The location sets scenic position and manner for the other topographic points of attractive force such as the dark campaign and orchid gardens that cover the tourist musca volitanss. The major point discovers the country as a whole of tourer attractive force and determines itself with a assortment of attractive force such as dark campaign and gardens on manner to the Rainforest menagerie. They besides become a portion of other administrations such as the menagerie s and wildlife preservation within the state. The carnal brushs and drives, feeding times, carnal picture taking, menagerie store plays an of import function in the pride of being alone among the other attractive forces. Monetary value: The cost of the entry is effectual when considered the shows and characteristics of the Zoo. The monetary value is $ 20 per grownup and $ 13 for the Child aged within 6-12. Students grant and group allowances are available when booked as a whole and has to be contacted the organisation. They have some programs for the handicapped and authorized visitants leting a free entry for the DDR card holders. Merchandise: The menagerie comprises of assorted shows in exhibiting the wildlife of the administration and other specific animate beings such as White tiger, delicate forest, wild Africa, Elephants of Asia, cat state, Orang Utan, Reptile Garden, Polar bear, Proboscis Monkeys, Rainforest Kidzworld, Primate Kingdom, Hamadrya s Baboons, Critters Longhouse, Australian outback. It is besides considered as the finest menagerie in Asia and ranks top among the beautiful menagerie of the universe excessively. The animate beings adopt an unfastened construct of life in the landscape and spread across the vivid and broad environment separated for the funny witnesss with wet and dry fosses. The shows are of assortments and the flicker for enthusiasm prevarication in high potency for clients to return frequently in sing the menagerie. It is considered to be the universe s first menagerie with dark wild life park on may 26th 1994. It covers the 2nd topographic point for the dense wood divided among the E and west cringles. An extraordinary experience with the nocturnal species of more than one 1000 animate beings within a count of 100 species toggled in the technique of soft visible radiation of visibleness. The dark campaign is said to the wholesome and popular amusement in the dark pulling about all the visitants of tourer attractive forces present in the metropolis. Over the past decennary it has non let itself one per centum down with the freshness. It has loaded itself with four awards in the recent yesteryear including the local and international being a portion of the IFEA Pinnacle award of the 2001 with a present rubric as the Gold victor. The Night campaign procedure is besides celebrated for its Gourmet campaign Express. Promotion: The publicities of the administration comprises of the carnal picture taking, guided Tourss, Animal brushs and drives, feeding times, nutrients and drinks, stores in menagerie, friendly installations for the handicapped and shows organised harmonizing to the periods of season. Education and preservation are portion of the promotional strategy for the visitants to acquire involved with the societal infinite. The kids s universe was created in the twelvemonth of 1973 consisting of the drama land and the carnal land. The celebrated illumination train drive that connects the lands together and the animate beings are placed in such a mode that they exist in their natural home ground unlike the unreal influence and stimulation. The carnal land in entitled for the kids s to play and with a existent life experience as the domestic animate beings participate in the drama. The domestic animate beings include the poulets, coneies and sheep. The drama land is expeditiously placed with conventional equipments used for drama heightening the infinite of life. The kids s universe has been voted the best location for the childs in the magazine Where Singapore inaugural concierge pick 1999 awards. This is the first universe broad amusement publicity among the other specimens in the same class all around the universe to present the assortments of elements such as the underwater exhibits an chance to see the rare animate beings within the short span of clip as the menagerie is merely 37 old ages old. The menagerie is amphitheatre centralised that was built in the twelvemonth 1985 and now it has reached the highs of audience including the archpriest, reptilian and elephant shows get downing in the 1970 s and assisting the launch of amphitheater with more than 1500 to 2000 seats of adjustment. Awards: The awards have been contributed for the specialized services and glorious dwellers of the menagerie. The Zoo ab initio started with 270 animate beings of about 72 species and has grown to an extent of 2000 animate beings lending from the 240 species displayed in about 70 exhibits. The awards are both local and international as listed below ; 1999 Best theme Attraction- IMA ( Intensive and meetings Asia Awards ) 2000 Concierge pick awards Where Singapore Magazine Best topographic point for childs 2001 Leisure attractive force of the twelvemonth Singapore Totalisator Board of Excellence for Singapore award 2001 Singapore touristry Board ( STB ) Leisure attractive force the twelvemonth 2001. 2002 ASEANTA Asean Tourism Association Awards for excellence: Best New Attraction. Experiences: The assorted attractive forces that are found in the administration is said to be dimensional and are the best experience in one s life after the visit. The new vision of administrating and keeping the species of life illustration and their preservation is the most of import characteristic. The visitants all over the universe have ever been satisfied and this administration has taken the pride of supplying more than the cost involved per individual for the amusement. The events organised consist of graphic ceremonials personalised harmonizing to the engagement made by the person and general events such as nuptials and jubilations of specific occasions are organised in such a manner that they are most remembered and considered the best in the heads of famed single household. The huge figure of crowds and choice of shows organised in the menagerie harmonizing with the seasons play an of import function for the visit of assorted visitants and audiences. Selling Controls: Market research, client studies, engagement, sponsorship, attending with on-field success is considered to be the chief controls of marketing by and large. The e-business dramas an of import function in the selling functions for this administration. The web site is specially designed to lend al the efficiency and amusement lively examining the client to take part in the visit. The design of the website enhances the quality and administration of part in a specialised manner. It besides shows complete informations of the menagerie and farther to the facts present it besides allots a opportunity for the engagement of the visitant along with the exhilaration offers. Decision: The overall consideration and the above study show the complete focal point of the administration. The study after the scrutiny from the history until the latest mark of the administration sing the facts along with the advantages and disadvantages conclude that they are listed in the top ranking for the attractive forces world-wide. This consequence shows the specific activity and growing of their selling through a new median of e-Business establishing their complete attractive forces and consideration with a practical position over the available charts of the administration. The selling schemes that actively take part in the function of increasing their growing from the past decennaries have contributed much to their highs of sweetening. Hence the procedure of growing has taken an of import drive in the selling scheme and mix along with nucleus key of E-Business.

Epidemiology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Epidemiology - Research Paper Example (Friis and Sellers, 2009). Epidemiological activity is used since many decades. The statistical tools are the most powerful device used for identifying the risk factors and the relationship between various factors such as environmental factors, drugs, genetics, hormones, occupation, nutrition and viruses, bacteria. It was the epidemiological studies that revealed the relationship between Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and cervical cancer. (Friis and Sellers, 2009). The US centre for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] estimates that most of the new cases of HPV are teens and young adults. They have estimated that 6 million new cases are recorded every year in US. In 2007, the CDC has announced that one among the four teenage girls ages 13 to 19 are having HPV. Among the teens, 40 percent of the children who had sex were found to have Human papilloma virus. (Lyon and Antoniades, 2009). Similarly CDC has also found that 20 Americans are infected with the HPV and many of them are not awar e of it. Uses of Epidemiology 1. To study the history of the disease and the changes in the disease states. It also helps to study the history of the healthy populations in the locality. 2. To measure the true dimension of the disease and the healthy individuals. The prevalence of the disease based on the risk factors, the distribution of disability and mortality can be understood using epidemiological studies. 3. ... (Friis and Sellers, 2009). 6. To identify the root of the chronic diseases and provide the complete history of the diseases to help the practitioners and people eradicate the disease from the epidemic regions. 7. To confirm the risk factors and causes of the disease using the knowledge obtained through studies for the risky and multiple causative disease. (Friis and Sellers, 2009). Human Papilloma virus: Papilloma viruses are DNA viruses that infect epithelia causing a variety of lesions, warts and carcinoma. Human Papilloma viruses (HPV) are ubiquitous in nature causing cervical and other anogenital cancers. HPV infections are most common in the young and sexually active people within the age limit of 20 – 24. Human papilloma viruses form two groups; Genital and cutaneous HPVs. Most of the papilloma viruses are host specific. Human papilloma virus has an icosahedral symmetry with 72 capsomers arranged in the pentameric structure. It has a circular double stranded DNA of 8 kb long. It has three types of genes: early genes, late genes and control genes. HPV first infects the basal epithelium and inserts itself into the cell. It then dissociates and produces low copy number episomes. The HPV gets loosely linked to the keratocyte differentiation and divides as the keratinocyte undergoes differentiation. The major oncogenic proteins involved in the HPV carcinogenesis are E6 and E7 which interfere in the cell cycle control mechanisms. E6 on binding with the cellular protein AP, degrades the p53 through ubiquitin- directed proteolysis. P53 is essential for DNA repair, when this molecule is degraded; it affects the ell cycle control. The result is genetic instability and accumulation of the mutants

Freedom of Goods of the European Union Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Freedom of Goods of the European Union - Article Example Included in the main goals of the said organization are foreign trade interaction, democratization, human rights, pluralism and the rule of law.1 The focal point of the objectives is the establishment of a Common Market which can enable a coherent activities related to the economy towards development and expansion. This will enable the free movement of goods in the member countries by preventing different forms of national restrictions in terms of processes such as importation, exportation and other forms of product movement. The main issue that is the focus of the study is the governing law on the basis of the movement of the goods and products across borders. The implementation of the EC Treaty and Law can be considered important due to the question of its maximum applicability until the present era. Due to the fact that the European Union can be perceived as a single unit in the economic society, the process of trade of products and goods can be predicted to be relatively more complicated. The governing law then can be considered as the key concept that can be studied. Although the European Community (EC) has different specified objectives, the participation and control of the international trade can be considered as the main goal. ... It the view of the system can be considered confusing, this is due to the fact that although the member nations of the EC has independent governing laws, the incorporation of the EC Law can be considered as a necessity and requirement. But due to the fact that the organization requires full-pledged cooperation and dedication, the EC Law is applied by the national courts. This is important to be able to determine the applicability of the rules in the member nations. The EC Justice is the law governing unit that cooperates and transcends the member nations.2 In the trade and freedom of goods there are dynamics that are needed to be given attention. These are the provisions of the EC Law in terms of the importation process, exportation process, and other issues. The EC Law that governs the importation of goods from member countries is under the Article 30. One of the important captions is in relation to the quantitative restrictions in the importation process between Member nations. This also includes related processes within the member nations and the governing body.3 The governing law is under the duties, charges and taxes. Article 23 is a related part of the EC Law that pertains to the "prohibition of the tariffs and other related measures." One of the related cases is that of the Social Foonds and SA CH. BRACHFELD that involved the importation of Belgium of diamonds. The product was charged with 0.33% duties which are prohibited by the EC Treaty. The charges that are involved upon crossing a frontier can be considered as one of the hindrance for the proliferation of the movement of goods. Under the EC Law the member states are not allowed to charge such fees and taxes.4 Upon consideration of the effect of

Your More Than A Label Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Your More Than A Label - Essay Example In an attempt to get the labels off their children, parents try things like changing children’s school or shifting to a different city. Any decision they take costs them a lot of time, effort, and also money. As children grow up with the labels, their irritation and repulsiveness toward the labels recedes and they start to unintentionally accept the labels. Labels bother them no more. They accept the labels as a fundamental part of their identity. This serves as a sign that reflects that the child has been mentally tortured and psychologically harmed to the extent where he/she does not sense the gravity of the label as something negative. Although this happens gradually and unintentionally, yet its effects reflect in the behavior of the children as they grow up. If a child is given a certain label because of being diagnosed with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and ADD, the child understands that he/she is integrally linked with alcohol in people’s perception. Drinking and becoming alcoholic is much easier for such a labeled individual as compared to others that are not expected to do such things. The labeled individuals easily endorse and adopt roles and behaviors that are expected of them according to their label. In this way, these individuals not only put their own health and life in risk, but also pose risks to the safety of others around them. A potential example of this is the accidents caused because of drunk driving. Pastor Joel Osteen puts forth a wonderful example of how powerful can labeling be if people accept the labels they are assigned and yet how fake it can be if people do not get rid of the labels they are assigned, â€Å"Albert Einstein’s teacher told Einstein’s father, â€Å"No matter what Albert does, he will never be successful†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦friends, people don’t determine our destiny, God does† (Osteen cited in â€Å"Pastor Joel Osteen†). Neither

Constructivism in International Relations

Constructivism in International Relations Explain and discuss how constructivism in IR attempts to re-shape discourses on security away from materialistic conceptions of power politics and towards a conception that takes account of power of ideas. Since the end of the Cold War, security studies in international relations have witnessed an overwhelming emergence of new academic literature reflecting the changes in international political environment. Concept of global security has evolved throughout the history going back as far as ancient Greece but arguably never been challenged and re-structured to the extent that it was in post Cold War era. Critical theories in general and constructivism specifically added a new dimension to the international relations studies with focusing on influence of social elements such as norms and ideas and rejected the notions of purely materialistic approach to world politics and security.  [1]  Collapse of the Soviet Union, following the suspension of the activities of the Communist Party by Supreme Soviet, the parliament of the U.S.S.R on August 29 1991, validated and renewed the International relations scholars concerns about the methodology of the international relations study and the ex tent in which it had played a role in the production of international powers.  [2]   The aim of this essay is to identify and discuss how constructivism influenced the concept of security in international relations with emphasising on the role of social elements and the extent in which constructivism has criticised the materialistic approach. In doing so this paper explores the structure of global security from the standpoint of constructivism and its core elements regarding the power of idea in response to the materialistic view of power politics. Furthermore, it will analyse the constructivist response and effort to alter the discourses of security in international politics theory by studying the process of social interaction in forming identity and role of norms and ideas in global security. Finally, concepts of Human Security and Collective Security will be looked at from both viewpoints. The end of the Cold War came as a surprise to the classical dominant scholars, who failed to predict or explain the changes in global politics, whilst simultaneously providing the opportunity for further development of critical thoughts, which were around since the mid 1980s. Realist theory and positivist methodology in international relations were criticised for their materialistic approaches by constructivism, which quickly flourished and was recognised as a theory that emphasised on the social dimension of international politics. This advance towards the possibility of change equipped the theory to capture important features of the worlds relations  [3]  .Among the many aspects of mainstream presumptions and beliefs in world politics, which were challenged by constructivism, was the pessimistic view towards peace and over-deterministic nature of these theories about the conflict, threat and the world security. Constructivism challenged the theory of power politics, dominant pe rception of the threat and struggle in global politics and took a completely different approach in studying the transformation of the security dilemma by focusing on subjects such as evaluation of security factors, construction of the threat, and appropriate responses.  [4]   Constructivisms approach to the subjects of threat, conflict and security in global politics originated from their fundamental emphasis on the social dimensions of international politics, thus it defined them as socially constructed elements in the process of identity formation under the influence of the norms and shared values of society. Over the years and especially after the Cold War, constructivism positioned itself as a major critique of the dominant theories in international politics by addressing issues such as balance of power, democratic peace and the re-introduction of the phenomena of collective security, security community, human security, human rights and many other social elements to the field of security studies of international politics. One could argue that most of the constructivists work was formed around their aim in explaining the changes in world politics in the period towards the end, and after the Cold War when dominant international relations theories failed to predict the sudden change in the global politics and old security regime. These changes to the international political environment, which occurred in the 1980s, raised questions about social construction and the methodology of international relations theories and their involvement and effects in the production of international power. The term constructivism was introduced by Nicholas Onuf in 1989 and identified simply as people and societies construct or constitute each other.  [5]  According to Wendt, constructivism assumes that the fundamental structures of international politics are social and these structures shape actors identities and interests.  [6]  World in constructivists term is constituted by both knowledge and material factors and moreover as a social theory, it is concerned with the relationship between agents and structures. Furthermore, all constructivists share a common concern when explaining how international structures are defined by ideas and how identities and interests of the states and non-state players are shaped by the structures.  [7]  It is at this juncture when a comparison is needed to understand the differences between mainstream international relations theories and constructivism in security studies. As a result, it is crucial to see global security from realisms point of view to fully understand the role of the elements such as threat, response and survival in constructing the realists approach to the security dilemma. Likewise, it is necessary to analyse constructivisms view of ideas and knowledge and to study the relationship between structure and agency as well as the construction and identification of threat. Security studies is a multidimensional subject in the field of international relations and has changed and evolved throughout history. This evolution was impacted, probably more than any other subject in international relations, by recent technological advancements and historical events. However, as far as history goes the core concern of security studies has centred on the states strategy to defend and protect its borders against external threats. Attempts to understand security and provide an answer to security dilemmas can be traced back to Greece in fifth century BC when Thucydides theorised the violence and war and describe the security dilemma based on Peloponnesian war. Many centuries later Carl Von Clausewitz and Thomas Hobbs devoted much of their time and work to define these contemporary security dilemmas. By following the work of these scholars we reach the conclusion that despite the differences in language, economical development, social and political intuitions, religio us and cultural beliefs, states faced almost identical threats and suffered from the same security dilemmas throughout history. Here a comparison is needed to understand the differences between mainstream international relations theories and constructivism in security studies. It is crucial to see the global security issue from realisms point of view to fully understand the role of the elements such as threat, response and survival in constructing the realists approach to security dilemma. Similarly, it is necessary to analyse constructivisms analysis of idea and knowledge in order to study the relationship between structure and agency as well as construction and identification of threat. In recent decades critical schools and other theories of international relations have challenged the traditional materialistic approach to security study, which focused on politics and power. Among them constructivism played an important role in developing an ideational approach that emphasised the effect and role of norms and ideas in global security.  [8]  Norms are produced through social practice as intersubjective beliefs about social and the natural world that defines the identity of the players, their roles and the possibilities of their actions.  [9]  Thus actors and their meaningful actions are constituted by the norms on the basis of their social roles and environments. These norms could also balance the actors behaviour by defining the appropriateness and effectiveness of their action.  [10]   Constructivisms approach differs with regard to the actors and social structures of the international politics in comparison with the rationalists view. The political environment in the Realists and Neo-liberalists view is comprised of rational actors, whose actions are self-interested in order to maximise their ultimate goal of survival and relationship between these actors, and is structured by the balance of material power.  [11]  In contrast, constructivism focuses on the actors and structures in a dynamic context, where actors are influenced by the environment and social elements and structures and are produced and reproduced by the actors.  [12]  On the other hand, in the constructivists view idea plays an important role in forming the actors and their actions.  [13]  This means that when ideas become norms, they can constrain the actors behaviour and reactions but at the same time they constitute actors and legitimise their action by opening the space for them to a ct and influence the social structure.  [14]   In essence, constructivism criticises the rationalist approach of ignoring the role of social factors in interaction between players in International relations. The constructivists critique of neo-realists and neo-liberalists concerns not what these scholars do and say but what they ignore: the content and source of state interests and social fabric of world politics.  [15]  According to Paul Kowert, rationalist theories explain how states should choose or how they should bargain. They offer answers to some important questions about when states should cooperate and when they might be expected to fight. Yet they say nothing about who the actors are or how their interests were constituted.  [16]   Constructivism believes in the dynamic nature of international politics and promotes the vision of change. In doing so it criticises the rationalist view of static material and considers the system of self- help, power politics and threat as socially constructed elements of international politics. Alexander Wendt notes, that self-help is an institution, one of the various structures of identity and interest that may exist under anarchy.  [17]  In examining the subject of security in international politics, constructivism concludes that threats are constructed in the process of social interaction in the process of formation of identity and interests. In such an environment therefore, norms and shared values play a role in improving the cooperation between actors by forming the economical and political structures that promote peace between the actors in international politics.  [18]   The constructivist account of identity formation in the process of social interaction in security studies attempts to answer the important question of how threats are formed and how international actors act against this threat. Both traditional and defensive realists share the view that threatening forces are formed around the phenomena of the balance of power, and states reactions are determined and guided by the state-centric system of self-interest and the anarchic nature of international politics. However, they engage in a different view when defining the kind of reaction states portray, as traditional realists believe that states balance their power against threatening forces whilst the defensive realists maintain the view that states form allies to increase their capability and security against the common threat. In contrast to this opinion, constructivists developed the idea of legitimacy and demonstrate that states reactions to threatening forces are influenced by social elem ents such as norms and shared values in the process of interaction, and are directed by the logic of appropriateness. In other word, norms and shared values define the legitimacy and appropriateness of states actions, as opposed to the traditional view of logic of consequence. Another aspect of global security is the phenomenon of security dilemma, which can be defined as a states uncertainty in evaluating and assessing the intentions of others. Hopf argues that while the security dilemma is an important factor to understand the conflictual relationship between the states, it may not be relevant to many others which face less or no conflict and have many common interests.  [19]  The constructivists account of security dilemma is quite different to that of the realist. In constructivisms view the reality of the world, which includes the world of international relations, has been socially constructed via a complex of inter-subjective understanding . In other words, anarchy as the prime structural feature of the international sphere around which all considerations of security and insecurity revolve is not an autonomous phenomenon that generates its own inescapable logic. This also means that the security dilemma, for example, does not exist before any int eraction between states but is in fact a product of social interactions of states.  [20]  In addition, Hopf notes that norms can reduce uncertainty: by providing meaning, identities reduce uncertainty. Enabling states to recognise their enemy may not result in security, but identity can replace the uncertainty with certain insecurity.  [21]   Constructivist security theory has also addressed the absence of war between liberal democracies or namely, the concept of democratic peace. Here liberals believe that democracies do not oppose each other since norms of compromise and cooperation prevent their conflicts of interest from escalating into violent clashes.  [22]  This can be interpreted in various ways first; it could be argued that these norms are bound to competition and constituted by domestic democratic principles,  [23]  or second, that they can be seen as the product of domestic institutions and their effect on states behaviour.  [24]  One could also argue that domestic principles and practice work together and therefore are mutually constituted. In constructivist ideology, the important aspect of peace or absence of conflict among the democratic states is the role played by norms within this context. Thus without accepting or rejecting any of the above arguments it could simply be stated that democrati c peace could be made possible with the concept of norms playing an important role in preventing conflict.  [25]   Constructivist interpretation of global politics as a socially constructed structure provides the necessary means, for the theory under examination, to respond to another important subject in international security study namely that of security community. The concept of security community was introduced by Richard Van Wagenen  [26]  in the early 1950s and further developed in a study by Karl Deutsch and his associates in the same period.  [27]  Theories and ideas evolved around this concept by attempting to explain the states actions in the face of a security threat from a different perspective than the rationalist view of balance of power. One theory included the idea of formation of a security community developed around the concept of collective security with the focus on the states effort to strengthen their own security by acting together. The distinctive feature of the security community idea, which set it apart from the traditional concept of democratic peace, was in it s emphasis on the states security and not on the democratic structure of the states. Lawson commented on this approach by adding that in a constructivist approach the idea of community is not limited to democracies.  [28]   The study of collective security and the constitution of the security community aim to explain how states react when facing threat and insecurity in the international political environment. In other words, a group of states identify a common threat and form a relationship to defend themselves by acting as a unified whole. Formation of such communities, based on a collective knowledge of a common threat not only improves the security of the states against the threat, it also results in peace between the members of such a community. More succinctly, those who are acting as one against the common threat would not fight each other for the same reason. As Deutsch illustrates, the security community as a group of states come together to the degree that they feel real assurance that members of the community will not fight each other physically, but will settle their disputes in some other way.  [29]  He identifies the states sovereignty as the point of differentiation in formation of tw o types of security communities and explains that a pluralistic community forms when states retain their sovereignty, whereas in an amalgamated type states formally unify in order to form a community security. Despite the earlier references to collective security by traditional international relations theories such as liberalism, the modern concept of collective security and states acting as a community against a common threat is a relatively new idea and has only been seriously considered subsequent to the Cold War in both academic and practical senses. The fact that the Cold War almost ended without serious confrontation between the two blocks has positively changed the international political atmosphere. A move towards a more peaceful future has been attained as well as an enhancement of the influence of theories, which have emphasised the role of identity, norms and social basis of the structure of international politics. Moreover, states once again saw the opportunity for constructing a new foundation to achieve a peaceful and stable international order.  [30]  Meanwhile, the social elements of international politics have received much more attention accompanied by friendlier treatment from politicians and Deutschs original ideas of shared understanding, transnational values including the possibility of peace, which were brought back to attention again.  [31]  In his observations Adler tried to address the issue of the circumstances where states are more likely to agree on forming a security community in the face of thre at, and noted that, those who realise the devastating effects of the insecurity of war on the economical, political and social aspects of a democratic system will agree on coming together in order to defend themselves and promote peace and stability. He believed that such an agreement was founded on shared values and actors identities and notes: security communities are socially constructed because shared meaning, constituted by interaction, engenders collective identities. They are dependent on communication, discourse and interpretation, as well as on material environment.  [32]  Almost all the literatures about security community agreed on the critical and centric role of identity, and identity formation processes in the construction of the collective security and formation of a security community. Identity in this case, is the distinctive characteristic of one group against another. Unlike the mainstream theorys approach to actors identity as a static and pre-defined status of the states, constructivism defines identity as a variable factor, which changes with time and is associated with cultural, political, historical and social contexts. As stated before, the introduction of collective security and security community can be traced back to the 1950s. However, despite Van Wagenen and Deutschs efforts to develop the idea, it did not receive much attention until the end of the Cold War. It can be argued that the dominance of the realist paradigm during the Cold War in the realm of global politics on the one hand, and the hostile circumstances of bi-polar structure of global security on the other hand are to blame for the states lack of interest in any security arrangements other than one which could guaranty their survival. The United Nations failure in bringing the sovereign nations together from both sides in order to form a pluralistic security community at an international level also added to the uncertainty of the nations in considering any order other than a bi-polar system. Following the Cold War, international politics has witnessed a new wave of ideas and theories which have found a voice in an attempt to theorise the new world order in global politics. At this time it can be said that the concept of security community and collective security has benefited from the critical theories emphasis on social dimensions of international politics and their special attention to social norms, culture, identity and shared values. For many decades realism and neo-liberal institutionalism were dominant forces in global politics and security studies and consequently played a major role in defining international politics. Whilst both of these theories assume that war is inevitable and always expected, realism identifies the distribution of material power as the defining element of global politics and relationships between states following with the conclusion that, factors such as the balance of power, the role of superpowers and alliances are only the means for preve nting war and not for creating peace. Neo-liberal institutionalism shows more interest in finding the means to encourage cooperation between the states and focuses on the role of institutions in enhancing cooperation between self-interested states in order to prevent conflict. As it appears in both paradigms, war and material capability remains inevitably at the centre of these theories about war and conflict, which continues to dominate global security in both theory and practice until the end of the Cold War.  [33]   Peaceful change and the idea of achieving long term peace and global security, not on the basis of material capability and deterrence but based on the concept of identity-formation processes and the role of norms and values, became the feature of critical theories in the mid 1980s. This notion was developed further with the rise of constructivism as an international relations theory. Constructivism explained how ideas and identities are created and how norms and shared values shape the states affairs, strategies and reactions to global security. Since it is unrealistic to ignore the power of material in the backdrop of international relations and security studies, constructivism complemented the existing theories by adding the social dimension to the international relations field and emphasising the importance of collective identities and shared values in developing security in particular, and the idea of collective security in general.  [34]   Human security is a relatively new subject in international relations and has dominated an integral portion of international security studies after the Cold War. Human security in its current form is the product of the shift from state-centric views of security and power politics towards accepting the role of social elements in global security.  [35]  The phenomena of security in the area of international relations has traditionally been limited to the military defence where states compete with each other for gaining or improving their security and survival in an anarchic system with their focus on military power. In such an anarchic structure national security becomes equally as important as defending the territory against external military threat.  [36]   The more modern approach in security studies accepts the crucial role of traditional views in protecting the states but does not believe that it is sufficient to protect human welfare, whether within the states borders or internationally. Basic human needs are the focus of modern security studies in the context of human security and as such the 1994 Human Development Report of the UN Development Program stressed that: for most people today, a feeling of insecurity arises more from worries about daily life than from the dread of cataclysmic world events. Job security, income security, health, environmental security, security from crime these are emerging concerns of human security all over the world.  [37]  The changing context of state security, especially after the Cold War, opened the space for the critical ideas to challenge state-centric, power-based systems of global politics that gave priority to high politics. It has also increased the opportunity to address transnational issues around the globe such as HIV/AIDS, the control and management of weapons of mass destruction, illegal arms and rug trades and environmental and population problems.  [38]   Widening the boundaries of security studies following the introduction of social and economical elements, which were not traditionally considered as part of the field of security, was not received well by the mainstream classical theorists and attracted criticism from traditionally dominant theories in international relations. The key argument against the critical thinkers and constructivists was that security should only engage with issues centred around the use of force and threats thus, elevation of the social and economical issues to the study of security and the promotion of non-military issues to the same level of real security elements is a threat to the coherence of the subject. Therefore, the broadening of security studies was criticised by a wide range of traditional scholars. On one side of the spectrum were those who believed that only military power and threatening force were subject to the field of security studies, and on the other side were scholars who could see the need for change. Furthermore, while they endorsed the conventional view that the military is the primary factor in security studies they also accepted the fact that especially in post Cold War era there is a need for opening the international studies to non-military cases of conflicts as well.  [39]   For traditional thinkers such as Chipman, opening the concept of security to non-military issues was only acceptable if they played the role in a context of utilised force and threats between political actors. He noted: the structuring elements of strategic analysis must be the possible use of force.  [40]  The essential point in Chipmans hypotheses is that he acknowledges the role of non-military aspects of security but at the same time emphasises that the use of military force should remain at the core of strategic analysis. Despite the shift among the traditionalists of moving away from the state-centeric system towards the wider approach to security, some traditionalist thinkers never accepted the idea of social elements playing a role in security and strongly argued against it. One of the most strongest traditionalists Stephan Walt, defines security as studying the threat and use of military force and opposes the widening of security fields and the inclusion of issues outside the miliary domain into security studies. He argues that, (it) runs the risk of expanding security studies excessively; by this logic, issues such as pollution, disease, child abus

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Hello, Class of 2012. We're graduating. June 12 is the day we have worked toward for the past 12 years. We have reached the time where we say good-bye to Hayes and hello to our futures outside its hallowed walls. Our teachers have taught all they can about life's many obstacles and pitfalls, and even taught us a few tricks on how to work them out. Every year we have met new teachers who have made such an impact on our lives that we keep in contact throughout the years. They gave us memories to cherish and keep with us. They have been there for us when we needed them, and they never complained. We knew we could always go to them with our problems and not be judged. We have had our star athletes, our strong academic students, and our extraordinary artists and performers. But I believe the strong, the extraordinary, the stars of Hayes High School were and always will be the teachers. We will never forget them. We're graduating. The stars in our life are not only found inside Hayes' walls, but elsewhere. These people have to put up with us every day and every night. They hav...